Almost all Americans have per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in their blood through daily exposure in drinking water, food, air, and consumer goods. The synthetic chemicals have became an area of concern for regulatory bodies, site managers, business owners and the average American. Previous文章spoke on the health impacts PFAS have and their regulatory uncertainty, but why are these chemicals so ubiquitous and how can they be combated?
PFA具有独特的化学结构，有助于他们广泛使用和随后的环境持续存在。它们具有异常强的碳氟键（自然界中最强大，最短的粘合剂之一），热稳定性高，耐油脂，油和水是耐药性，使其适用于工业表面活性剂，消费品包装，不粘器涂料，防水材料和服装，电线套管和表面保护产品。PFA在土壤和沉积物中增加了吸附，在地下水中相对移动，可以存在于空气中的颗粒中，并且在环境中的任何效率下都不会降解。这些独特的品质也存在挑战，以管理与环境释放相关的风险。
PFAS发布的一些来源是：
- Firefighting training facilities
- 军事设施
- 从设施那工业释放t manufacture or apply PFAS
- Migration from waste sites
- Runoff from emergency response incidents
- Sewage sludge from wastewater treatment facilities
- Tank and supply line leaks
- Metal plating
- Disposal of PFAS waste in landfills not suited for these compounds
PFA的伞包含各种子组。最多研究的PFAS化合物的亚组，因此最受调节的是全氟烷基酸（PFAAs），含有全氟辛酸（PFOA）和全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）。联邦机构和行业研究已将PFOA和PFOS联系起来给了几个健康问题，包括癌症，导致自2000年代中期以来逐步淘汰PFOA和PFOS的主要公司。然而，涉及不含PFOA和PFO的PFAS化合物的担忧，但具有类似的性质和应用。总体而言，它们是相对较新的，变化，不完全研究足以一致地确定其环境影响和健康效果。此外，通过来自PFOS和PFOA的国家的进口商品可以通过进口货物regulated.
A detailed understanding of the site’s history, and that of adjacent sites is necessary to know if there is the potential for a PFAS release or migration of PFAS has occurred at a property. Due to the ubiquitous nature of these compounds in commercial goods, Site characterization requires great care and a thorough field quality control program to ensure representative samples are being collected for laboratory analysis. Laboratory analysis can be difficult because of the varying regulatory framework of PFAS compounds by state, meaning that the typical site characterization techniques need to be tailored to satisfy local regulatory requirements. The same is true for remediation, in which the unique chemical and physical characteristics of PFAS compounds may not respond to traditional remedial strategies. Although the compounds are now able to be identified and detected in the environment, remediation technologies for PFAS compounds are still in their infancy and their widespread application is complicated by state-by-state regulations.
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